Organizational Group Dynamics and Politics Essay - 1684 Words

Group Dynamics and Politics Within Organizations Individuals have their own personalities that can influence their enthusiasm and productivity within an organization. In addition, individuals also form groups and are part of teams that work together to reach a common goal within organization. According to Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, and Konopaske (2009) dedicated and cohesive teams can have a tremendous impact on organizations effectiveness and the global market. However, all of this happens within the frame-work of office politics and can hinder or enhance the organization’s effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to not only understand individuals, but also groups, teams and office politics within the organization. This†¦show more content†¦The third phase is when the group decides they need to get the project completed before time runs out and there is the final burst of energy. This model works well with projects and groups that have deadlines to reach t heir objectives. For example, the sustainability committee at the National Environmental Health Association was tasked with writing a white paper on how the organization viewed and was dealing with the issue of sustainability. The group identified tasks and then everyone worked on their part. The committee then reviewed the work that was done and determined next steps and the work moved along until the group realized they only had a month left to finish the project. There was a burst of energy form the group members to finish the project on time. Once the project was completed, the committee went back to their normal level of participation and activity. From this example, it is clear that groups can and do follow the punctuated equilibrium model. However, once the special project was over, the committee went back to their normal group activity. This suggests that both group development models are relevant based on the needs and purpose of the group. Group formation, develop ment and outcomes are complicated and there are many factors that play a role in how they will function (Gibson, et al., 2009). By understanding not only the two previouslyShow MoreRelatedConsequently, The Proposed Scope Of It Projects For This1557 Words   |  7 Pagesp. 4) that issues with scope sometimes stem from a lack of commitment from members of the team defining a project’s scope. Also cited was insufficient familiarity and information about the systems involved. Leach also states that an ambiguous and dynamic definition of scope is an important risk factor. Accordingly, apathy or a lack of experience with the systems involved among those who are responsible for scope definition therefore leads to poor quality scope. These factors may be difficult to detectRead MoreThomas Green Essay1336 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis Individual Case Analysis Kay Saeteurn BUSA 305-01 Dr. Catherine Pratt November 17, 2008 Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis Individual Case Analysis Power is the capability that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes,[1] especially dependency power where a certain individual has something of importance, scarcity, and non substitutable, that another person seeksRead MoreOrganizational Conflict in a Formal Organization Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Conflict in a Formal Organization The above subject matter cannot be discussed without first elucidating on the key subjects viz: ‘conflict’ and ‘formal organization’. The oxford dictionary of current English describes conflict as a lack of agreement between opinions another school of thought sees conflict as ‘a state of dysfunctionality in a system’. What ever the case, conflict occurs in our everyday life either within a person when faced with problemRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Paper850 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Paper The following essay will be described the organizational behavior terminology and concepts applied in the organization. The following topics will be presented: Organization culture as internal and external environment of control. Diversity as of individual differences based on gender, race and ethnicity, age, disabilities, and sexual orientation. As the last subject communication as the human skill that helps the organization to work well withRead MoreThe Course Managerial Decision Making For Health Care Organizations952 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Care Organizations, students present critical incidents that have happened in healthcare facilities. They also examine the decisions that were made by the leadership of these facilities to resolve the incident. Each incident had different dynamic events than the other. Because of that, the diversity of decisions which were made by the leaders of these facilities was unique and professional. Although there were guides and policies in each of these organizations, there was a difference in motivationRead MoreLeadership Styles And Its Impact On Organizational Success1084 Words   |  5 PagesIn an organizational context, â€Å"a group is defined as two or more employees who interact with each other in such a manner that the behavior and/or performance of a member is influenced by the behavior and/or performance of other members† (Gibson et al. 230). Groups are a fundamental part of an organization and help to achieve organizational success. There are many factors regarding the behavior of group members, leadership styles, the use of power and politics, and types of conflict that have a largeRead MoreOrganizational Culture and Behavior in the Age of Globalization1221 Words   |  5 Pagesage of globalization, an in-depth study and understanding of the organization’s culture and behaviour have become vital as its people comprise of different race, colour and culture. Organizational behaviour basically defi nes the interaction of human beings in a given organization and analysis of individuals and groups characteristics facilitates better understanding, prediction and improvisation in work place, leading to improved performance. Workers are the pillars of the organization and his responsesRead MoreSynergetic Solutions1403 Words   |  6 Pagesit could be large. However big the change, resistance can be minimal or massive. The organization should look inwards toward the potential obstacles to that change. These obstacles may include resistance to two sources: individuals and the organizational structure. Both sources need careful consideration and planning. Haphazard change can be disastrous to an organization. Planned changed is always the best course. Internal and External Forces of Change at Synergetic Solutions SynergeticRead MoreHow Organizational Size and Structure Influences Control1375 Words   |  6 PagesHow Organizational Structure, Size and Control Determine Culture Abstract The agility of any enterprise and its acuity in recognizing new opportunities while averting risks are critical skills that need to be continually improved if any business is going to survive the increasingly turbulent economic conditions of many industries today. Of the many concepts, frameworks and initiatives for making an organizational culture more agile, responsive and capable of dealing with opportunity, uncertaintyRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Its Effect On Individual Perception Of Authority, Behavior, And Learning945 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Leadership behaviors, office politics, team building, and effective meeting strategies, as discussed in the previous are components that allude to one large apparatus of organizations—organizational culture. Organizational culture provides guidelines for which leaders are inspired, for how colleagues act toward one another, for how teams are built, and for how visions are achieved. As a result, it is vital to not only understand the previously described components of culture, but culture

The Importance Of Freedom Of Speech - 1526 Words

As citizens of the United States of America we as human beings have certain unalienable rights listed in The Declaration of Independence, among those are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. And among our many liberties one of them listed in our constitution in the 1st amendment is the right to freedom of speech. However, like many liberties, freedom of speech is not absolute under the supreme law of land. What this means is that yes we do have freedom of speech, but it is not protected by the government if it includes obscenity, defamation, fraud, incitement, true threats and speech integral to already criminal conduct. White, K. (2017, June 08) Speech is an important part of our democracy, it gives us the right to speak freely†¦show more content†¦The court found that the Ohio Criminal Syndicalism Statute ignored whether or not the advocacy it criminalized actually led to imminent lawless action. The failure to make this distinction rendered the law overly broad an d in violation of the Constitution. Free Speech on the Docket. (n.d.). Another example of this is RAV v. City of St. Paul. A group of petitioners made a wooden cross and set it on fire on a African American families private property. One of the petitioners received a citation from the City of St. Paul, the Petitioner applied to dismiss this count of the charge arguing that the statute was overbroad and content-based, making it facially invalid, but the Supreme Court of Minnesota dismissed their appeal. The case was later reversed by the U.S Supreme Court ruling that the city ordinance was â€Å"facially unconstitutional in that it prohibits otherwise permitted speech solely on the basis of the subjects the speech addresses.† R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul – Global Freedom of Expression. (n.d.). The next example of freedom of speech being brought to the U.S. Supreme Courts attention is the Matal v. Tam case. Band member Simon Tam was denied by the U.S. Patent and Trademar k company his registration to reclaim and subvert the term â€Å"Slants† as a trademark for his band. The term is racist and denigrating slur for Asians. The PTO recognized this and denied their application. citing aShow MoreRelatedSpeech : Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1116 Words   |  5 PagesTopic/Title: The Importance of Freedom of Speech General Purpose: I want to inform my audience Specific Purpose: I want my audience to understand the importance of freedom of speech. Thesis: Freedom of speech is important because it allows new ideas to surface, encourages the development in social relationships to prosper, and it permits for the truth to prevail. Introduction A. Attention getter There is a famous written saying that adheres to the attitude of every important figure throughoutRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech979 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most cherished one: the freedom of speech. Freedom of speech gives citizens the right to express their own opinions publicly without government interference, violating laws, or inciting any kind of violence or rebellion. However, the first amendment does not mean anyone can simply say whatever they want. There are several topics that are strictly scrutinized by law and there are even some situations in which freedom of speech is lawfully restricted. Freedom of speech is an extremely important partRead MoreImportance Of Freedom Of Speech1455 Words   |  6 PagesIt is in these moments of confrontation that the importance of free speech becomes essential to finding a resolution that fits the needs and wants of the majority without disregarding the basic human rights of the minority being represented. Free speech sh ould have limits; this includes the use of inappropriate personal attacks, un-related subject matter/ lying, and inciting violence against others for their opinions and beliefs. Freedom of speech is one of the most important rights in society thatRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : The Importance Of The Freedom Of Speech1039 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom of speech is a right protected by the First Amendment. According to the administrative office of the United States Courts (n.d.), the First Amendment states that, â€Å"Congress shall make no law... abridging freedom of speech.† Freedom of speech is arguably one of the most cherished American values in the First Amendment. As defined by an online unabridged Dictionary (n.d.), The rights covered by freedom of speech include the right to express opinions publicly without governmental interferenceRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1192 Words   |  5 Pagesamendment of the United States’ Bill of Rights states â€Å"Congress shall make no law... prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,†. Freedom of speech tends to be the most appreciated part of this ame ndment, while also causing the most anger. Most hate speech is protected under it, causing loads of controversy of the years. If the speech is not active fighting words threatening the livelihood of somebody, you’re allowed to say whatever you want. A landmark case in confirmingRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech878 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech is a basic fundamental human right. Whether or not on a college campus, people (especially college students) should have the right to speak freely. Everyone does have the right to speak freely, because it is one of the twenty-seven amendments. Colleges all around the United States are now home to many restrictions on free speech. For example, the idea and use of â€Å"free speech zones† has made its way to colleges everywhere. A â€Å"free speech zone† is a sidewalk sized place where studentsRead MoreImportance Of Freedom Of Speech778 Words   |  4 Pagessomeone referring to Freedom of Speech, what c omes to your mind? How far should Freedom of Speech go for you or others? And when you see someone practicing Freedom of Speech, do you actually support it? In today’s society, some of us forget what Freedom of Speech actually is and how far it is actually extended. Freedom of Speech means, the right to express any opinions without censorship or restraint. Freedom of Speech is protected under the First Amendment. Freedom of Speech includes but is notRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1394 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitution states â€Å"Congress shall make no law [...] abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† However, the right to freedom of speech has limits, including violence, inciting a riot, libel or slander and yelling fire in a theatre. At a private company, such as the NFL, there are even more limits to this freedom, depending on the organization’s terms and conditions and any contractsRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1374 Words   |  6 Pages Freedom of speech is defined as â€Å"the political right to communicate ones opinions and ideas. The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used.†. It is a constitutional right under the first amendment. However, does freedom of speech really mean freedom of speech, or is it limited? Freedom of speech is the ability to speak without censorship or limitation. Also called freedomRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech956 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussed on campus to protect their students, but this hinders the quality of the students learning. Public college campuses should not safeguard student’s free speech by providing safe spaces, presenting trigger warnings, or controlling who speaks on campus.   Ã‚  Ã‚   All students attending public colleges should be allowed the freedom of speech and not be shielded from what college officials deem necessary to censor. Colleges that provide safe spaces, physical places students can go to openly discuss controversial

Why Do the Events of 1857-8 in India Matter Free Essays

The events of 1857-8 are extremely significant and have changed India dramatically into the India we see today. We see the British taking over India from the East India Company after a ‘mutiny’ in 1857 and welcoming it into a colony in the British Empire. It was described as â€Å"the jewel in the crown† of the British Empire because of their rich sources such as silk that were deported from India to countries in Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do the Events of 1857-8 in India Matter? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This made Britain considerably richer and greedier as they increased their power by continuing to expand their empire. The British made many positive changes as well as negative changes in India during their rule such as introducing technology such as expanding railways for everyone to use, and education for some Indians. These are just a few changes that helped a trade-inspired outlook within India. Nevertheless, they also took advantage of the Indians by making money from their resources, charging them heavy taxes to use in Britain and sending many Indians to fight for Britain in the First World War. We see that many changes shaped the modern India today, but why do these changes matter to us? We find out much about British rule in India from the outbreak of fighting of the mutiny before 1857 as it tells us about how the East India Company forced strict rules and intervened upon the Hindu society such as ignoring their religious beliefs, which was one of the key factors leading up to the Indian ‘mutiny’. We see that although some changes did benefit from the Indians, the general attitude was negative, since all Indians were heavily taxed as discriminated. The way Britain changed from a trader to a ruler reveals to us how greedy Britain were at the time and how powerful as they could gain control of such a big country like India. We also can see how the British abused their power as they treated the Indians unfairly, as, in an account written by Vishnubhat Godse, an Indian who was living in the city of Jhansi in 1857, described how they British took power of it. He remarked that the English were â€Å"shooting down every man that they saw and setting fire to houses† while entering the city and described that â€Å"the terror in the city at this time was immeasurable† and that the â€Å"screaming and crying was endless†. We see that the Indians were portrayed as vulnerable and weak as the British took over. Furthermore, the British broke their own policy, the Doctrine of Lapse by taking over the city since the deceased prince did have an adopted son. This shows the desire for more territory overpowering the need to follow the treaties they had made with he princes of states and therefore ignoring their own rules. The corruption, ignorance and brutality within the East India Company showed that they were not successful in ruling as it caused the mutiny in 1857 and therefore made the Indians very unhappy. The accounts of events of 1857 reveal to us that India was not ruled well, was a much divided country and that the citiz ens in general were not satisfied on being controlled by Britain . Many Indians were very unhappy about the British interfering in Hindu socio-religious affairs and charging them high taxes etc. However, many Indians benefited from British rule and profited much from trade. Europeans who had settled down in India were considered of a much higher class than the Indians and Indians were discriminated. This reveals how people in India all had different attitudes towards the British. We can see that by many different accounts of the outbreak of fighting in India. For example, an English clergyman’s wife describes in her diary the â€Å"horror† that the Indians have inflicted and how there was â€Å"heavy firing all day† and how â€Å"ten Europeans were killed†. However, another account from an Indian man, Vishnubhat Godse, claimed that he â€Å"was filled with dread† and that the English soldiers â€Å"tortured them, demanding rupees, gold, pearls or other valuables† and if they found those, they sometimes would let the innocent Indians free. These primary sources reveal to us how chaotic India was and the different views people held. We can also draw from this how unsuccessful Britain was at ruling. The consequences of 1857 changed India to be the India we see today. In 1858, Queen Victoria read, â€Å"We disclaim the right and desire to impose out [Christian] convictions on any of our subjects†. This meant that she did not want to bring about any further religious change in India. The British invested heavily in large irrigation projects in order to increase food production and primary education for Indians. They also dramatically expanded the railways and jobs in the government were opened to Indian applicants. These are just some of the examples of the changes made to make India a trade-inspired country and modernised. This can be considered the first step made to making the India it is today. Even though the ‘mutiny’ did not gain independence for the Indians, this was a significant turning point in the history of India. The ‘mutiny’, regarded by many as India’s first War of Independence, had many important consequences and the structure of British India was to be re-organised extensively, including the East India company being cast out on its role and Queen Victoria being crowned Empress of India in 1877, the British investing in large irrigation projects, education and railways. However, there had been no real danger that British rule in India would be overthrown during the ‘mutiny’. The majority of the native soldiers had remained loyal. In fact, without them the British could hardly have suppressed the rebellion. During the attack on Delhi, for example, from the 11,200 soldiers on the British side, there were 7,900 Indian soldiers. Large areas of the country remained unaffected by what the Indians called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the devil’s wind. † So had the revolt been? Was it just a military mutiny in a part of the army, as the British believed, or a national uprising, as later Indian historians have argued? The truth lies somewhere in between. It was traditional India that had risen against the British, as the British had tried to push Christianity upon the Indians, the India which remembered its past, hated the present and dreaded the future that was now absolutely certain to belong to the Westernized Indian, and not to the Indian soldiers or princes. The ‘mutiny’ is a chapter of Indian history that will be remembered as something to learn from and although the British defeated the Indians in the ‘mutiny’, many Indians still desired independence as they felt they were not treated fairly. This mattered significantly as the unsatisfied need for independence continued even though good changes were made. Therefore this was a key point in Indian history which was remembered and was certainly a factor to build up to when India actually gained independence in 1947. It also resulted in change in the attitudes of the citizens after the ‘mutiny’ as many Indians were treated maliciously after the ‘mutiny’ as we can see from ‘Empire’ by Jeremy Paxman: â€Å"Entire villages were burned down; mutineers were smeared in pig fat before execution, tied to the muzzles of cannon and blown to pieces. At the site of Cawnpore massacre rebels were made to lick the dried blood from the floor† From this short xtract be can see how unmerciful the British were after the mutiny, as they killed rebels in painful ways while making them break the rules of their faith by smearing them in pig fat and making them lick blood from the floor as it broke their religious beliefs. The way the Indians were treated will always be remembered and so it continues the need for independence. However, many good changes were made after the mutiny that will be remembered as good such as the modernisation of the country to give India a trade -inspired outlook. So how do the events of 1857-8 matter? They matter because the ‘mutiny’ made a platform for a bigger rebellion for independence, it brought India the technology it needed, and Britain started to build India to be the India we see today, although there were some negative effects as well. As a modern audience, we can remember these events in a positive light, and remember them as changes that put India onto a road to modernisation. Images The 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, November 1857 during the Indian Mutiny Incident in the Subzee Mundee, a watercolour of the Indian Mutiny or rebellion of 1857 by British artist G F Atkinson Drawing railways the British built in India How to cite Why Do the Events of 1857-8 in India Matter?, Papers

Difference between IT and IS Management Issues Free Samples

Question: Write the Difference between Information Systems (IS) and Information Technology (IT) issues and how it will affect customer choice, continued Patronage, Brand loyalty, etc. Suggest how to attract New Customers from Competitors and any Other New Business Opportunities that May arise with such a set up. Answer: Introduction StayTogether is a hotel chain that is being set up after the grouping up of ten hotel chains that have decided to merge their business in order to deal with the market pressure that is levied upon low priced hotel accommodations. The management has decided that the hotel bookings will be allowed to be performed through a single site only along with a mobile application for the same. The document is a report that covers the management decision along with certain IS and IT issues that may come up. Recommendations on attracting new customers have also been covered. Management Decisions StayTogether Loyalty will be a customer oriented loyalty programme that will be launched to provide the customers with added benefits such as airport transfers, free of cost parking facility and free nights as well. The tariff for a particular hotel room will also cover the buffet breakfast and dinner from the restaurants that are listed on the site. It will allow the owners to earn extra on per guest. The charges associated with exclusive eateries will not be included (McBurney, 2015). Rebates will be provided if the travelers choose to travel with the partner airlines and credit will be provided for free nights or free meals. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) scheme will also be launched through which the customers may donate 1% of their overall expenses to a charity. It will however be optional (Orlitzky, 2015). Assumptions The hotel chains that will be collaborating with each other to come up with StayTogether have agreed on the policies, terms and conditions which have been documented in the form of a contract. The web development and setting up of the mobile application has been done. The decision has been taken on the share of profits and revenues that will be distributed to the individual hotels (Popp, 2017). The project will be finished in the estimated budget and schedule. The management along with the rest of the team will have the adequate set of skills to accomplish all of the project activities. Difference between IT and IS Issues IT and IS are usually used as inter-exchangeable terms; however, there is a difference between the two terms along with the issues that may be associated with each in terms of an organization or a project. Information System (IS) is primarily concerned with the quality and availability of the information that will be stored along with the several operations on the information such as its storage, management and organization. Issues around the overall management of information will come under IS issues. Also, there may be gaps in terms of the communication that may be encountered which will also be counted in the category of IS issues (El-Awad, 2017). Information Technology (IT) on the other hand will primarily be concerned with the technical infrastructure and its management in association with StayTogether. The use of the current technologies along with the identification of new technologies that will be required to be adapted will come under the issues associated with IT. Integration and collaboration issues will also be classified under IT issues (Bruni, 2014). IS Issues and their Impact on Customers There will be a number of IS issues that will be associated with the hotel chain and they may have a considerable impact on the customer choices and brand value. There may be a lot many attacks that may take place on the web application of StayTogether in terms of the security attacks and risks. These issues may be classified under three broad categories as: Confidentiality Attacks The information that will be present in the web site and mobile application along with the database of StayTogether will include the details of the travelers, their payment information, details of hotels, airlines details and many more. All of this information will be confidential in nature and attacks such as eavesdropping or tracking will violate the confidentiality of the information. Integrity Attacks There may also be attacks on the integrity of the information as the information may be modified in an unauthorized manner. Such as modification of the hotel ratings will cause loss to the business and will also bring down the customer base. Message and media alteration will be the two integrity attacks that may have a high likelihood (Chasserio, 2014). Availability Attacks There may also be attacks on the availability which will have the worst impacts as availability will be the prime quality that will be desired by the customers. The attacks such as flooding and impersonation attacks may impact availability. There may also be issues in adherence to the quality standards and best practices which may not be correctly done. It will bring up issues in the performance of the system which will bring down the level of customer expectations. There are several entities that are involved in StayTogether on the business side such as ten different hotels and their owners, management staff and operations staff. There may be difficulties in the communication that may take place between all of these entities and ineffective communication will bring in a lot many issues. The IS issues that have been listed above will have a negative impact on the customer trust and engagement as the frequent occurrence of the security risks and attacks will lead to adverse impacts on the customer information. Brand value and brand loyalty will also come down in the market as the goodwill will be negatively affected. There are several competitors in the market that are providing the customers with the same features and abilities that will have a competitive edge over StayTogether. IT Issues and their Impacts on Customers Apart from the IS issues that have been listed above, there may be several IT issues that may also exist in association with StayTogether. There will be a number of networking equipment along with other hardware that will be necessary to carry out many of the front end and back end activities. There may be issues in the performance of these tools and equipment that may impact the overall performance. Technical and operational error may lead to the situation of a failure (Antunes, 2014). It will be necessary to include several different components and operations as an integrated unit such as collaboration of sales team with development tools along with marketing and research will be necessary. Also, collaboration from third parties such as airlines agencies, restaurants and travelers will also be required. Issues in the integration of these components in terms of their technical functions and operational activities may come up (Secundo, 2017). The IT issues that have been listed above will have a negative impact on the customer trust and engagement as the frequent occurrence of the technical and operational failure will lead to adverse impacts on the customer information. Brand value and brand loyalty will also come down in the market as the goodwill will be negatively affected. There are several competitors in the market that are providing the customers with the same features and abilities that will have a competitive edge over StayTogether (Fengel, 2014). Strategies to Attract New Customers There are several strategies that may be used to attract new customers towards StayTogether and these strategies have been listed below. The customers who are not registered with StayTogether shall be provided with the first-time user discounts and offers such as cashbacks or reduced rates at the time of the booking. Such a strategy will make many of the customers to get associated with StayTogether and the quality of the services that will be provided will enhance the experience and engagement. Social media integration is one of the much in demand strategy and concept that shall be applied in case of StayTogether. The users in the present times have their accounts set up on the popular social networking platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and many more. Easy and convenient integration with these accounts will allow the management to understand the user choices and preferences and will allow the customers to integrate and share information to and from these accounts. Market analysis and study shall be regularly done to understand the unique features and offerings that are being provided by the competitors. Enhanced features and functionalities in a quicker timeframe shall be provided to gain competitive edge in the market (Wamba, 2017). There are several payment options that are now available and one of the latest modes of payment is through an e-wallet. There are several e-wallet sites and applications that have been set up which shall be integrated in the payment gateway of StayTogether to allow the users to sync in with the same. There may be additional offers that the users may avail with the use of an e-wallet. Social media marketing and advertising shall also be used to introduce the customers with the latest offering along with the details, reviews and comments from the other users (Brocke, 2014). New Business Opportunities With the collaboration of ten hotel chains together, there will be an enhancement in the business activities that will be observed. It will lead to the generation of new business opportunities as well. StayTogether may collaborate with the city guides and tour services to provide the customers with an itinerary of the place they shall be visiting. The business opportunity will allow the customers to perform all the actions from a single portal in terms of bookings and creation of itinerary which will enhance their customer experience. Mode of transport is necessary while traveling and customers will find it suitable if they will be provided with the opportunity to book the same in advance. StayTogether may collaborate with the transport agencies to allow the customers to book their preferred mode of transport (Giudice, 2016). There may be use of data analysis and data mining tools that may be used on the information associated with StayTogether portal which will allow the data analysts to understand the user choices and preferences along with the general trends in the market. It will allow the company with an opportunity to create new business values. Frequent customers shall be provided with additional offers and discounts on the bookings to allow them to use the services in a better manner. There has been a transformation that has been seen in the travel, tourism and hotel industry that has been seen. Creation of StayTogether with collaboration of ten hotel chains along with the web presence is one such example of the transformation that is going on. There will be a lot many new business opportunities that will be created with the setting up of StayTogether and its portal (Ferretti, 2016). Conclusion StayTogether is a hotel chain that is being set up after the grouping up of ten hotel chains that have decided to merge their business in order to deal with the market pressure that is levied upon low priced hotel accommodations. IT and IS are usually used as inter-exchangeable terms; however, there is a difference between the two terms along with the issues that may be associated with each in terms of an organization or a project. There will be a number of IS and IT issues that will be associated with the hotel chain and they may have a considerable impact on the customer choices and brand value. These issues will have a negative impact on the customer trust and engagement as the frequent occurrence of the security risks and attacks will lead to adverse impacts on the customer information. Brand value and brand loyalty will also come down in the market as the goodwill will be negatively affected. There are several competitors in the market that are providing the customers with the s ame features and abilities that will have a competitive edge over StayTogether. References Antunes, A. (2014). MUVE IT: reduce the friction in business processes, 20(4), 571-597. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2013-0093 Brocke, J. (2014). Ten principles of good business process management, 20(4), 530-548. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-06-2013-0074 Bruni, A. (2014). Entrepreneuring together: his and her stories. International Journal Of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research, 20(2), 108-127. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2011-0187 Chasserio, S. (2014). When entrepreneurial identity meets multiple social identities: Interplays and identity work of women entrepreneurs, 20(2), 128-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-11-2011-0157 El-Awad, Z. (2017). Entrepreneurial learning and innovation: The critical role of team-level learning for the evolution of innovation capabilities in technology-based ventures, 23(3), 381-405. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2016-0177 Fengel, J. (2014). Semantic technologies for aligning heterogeneous business process models, 20(4), 549-570. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2013-0085 Ferretti, M. (2016). Internet of Things and business processes redesign in seaports: The case of Hamburg, 22(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-05-2015-0079 Giudice, M. (2016). Discovering the Internet of Things (IoT) within the business process management: A literature review on technological revitalization, 22(2), 263-270. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-12-2015-0173 McBurney, P. (2015). The Knowledge Engineering Review. Retrieved from https://www-cambridge-org.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/core/journals/knowledge-engineering-review Orlitzky, M. (2015). The politics of corporate social responsibility or: why Milton Friedman has been right all along, 1(1), 5-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ASR-06-2015-0004 Popp, A. (2017). Enterprise Society. Retrieved from https://www-cambridge-org.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/core/journals/enterprise-and-society Secundo, G. (2017). Entrepreneurial learning dynamics in knowledge-intensive enterprises, 23(3), 366-380. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-01-2017-0020 Wamba, S. (2017). Big data analytics and business process innovation. Business Process Management, 23(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-02-2017-0046

Sulfuric Acid Applications Essay Example

Sulfuric Acid Applications Paper Sulfuric acid is one of the most important industrial chemicals; more sulfuric acid is produced each year than is made of any other manufactured chemical. More than 40 million tons of it was produced in the United States in 1990 and was heavily manufactured in nearly every other country. It has widely varied uses and plays some part in the production of nearly all manufactured goods. The major use of sulfuric acid is in the production of fertilizers, e. g. , superphosphate of lime and ammonium sulphate, as well as this it is widely used in the manufacture of chemicals, e. g. in making hydrochloric acid, nitric acid. Sulfuric acid is also used in the creation of everyday products such as synthetic detergents, dyes, pigments, small explosives, and drugs. Sulfuric acid is also widely used for industrial purposes such as petroleum refining which washes impurities out of gasoline and other refinery products. Sulfuric acid is additionally used in processing metals by pickling (cleaning) ir on and steel before plating them with tin or zinc. Sulfuric acid serves as the electrolyte in the lead-acid storage battery commonly used in cars or other motor vehicles (often called battery acid). Sulfuric acid also creates materials such as Rayon which is mainly used in thread. I support the fact that sulfuric acid is one of the most important chemicals in the world, as it is so widely used for so many purposes, ranging from industrial, chemical to the creation of materials. Although I would not entirely support the reliability of the second part of the statement, this is because some countries do not manufacture products which involve the use of sulfuric acid. Some countries could manufacture goods which involve a high amount of sulfuric acid, these would give misleading results if you were using sulfuric acid production as an indicator of a nation’s economic productivity and for these reasons I think that while you can measure results accurately for the most part, it is not completely reliable as some countries may use excessive amounts of sulfuric acid while others can use little or none while still producing many goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Sulfuric Acid Applications specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sulfuric Acid Applications specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sulfuric Acid Applications specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

How to Control Japanese Beetles

How to Control Japanese Beetles Japanese beetles do twice the damage of ordinary insect pests. The larvae, called grubs, live in the soil and feed on the roots of grasses and other plants. The adult beetles feed on the leaves and flowers of over 300 trees, shrubs, and herbs. Japanese beetles are the bane of the rose garden and will devour prized hibiscus and hollyhocks, too. Control of Japanese beetles requires an understanding of their life cycle and a two-pronged attack- one strategy for the grubs, and one for the beetles. The Japanese Beetle Life Cycle To control Japanese beetles effectively, its important to know when theyre active. Using a pest control product at the wrong time of the pests life cycle is a waste of time and money. So first, a quick primer on the Japanese beetle life cycle. Spring:  Mature beetle grubs become active, feeding on turfgrass roots and damaging lawns. They will continue feeding until early summer.Summer:  Adult beetles begin to emerge, usually in late June, and remain active throughout the summer. Japanese beetles will feed on garden plants, doing considerable damage when present in large numbers. During the summer, the beetles also mate. Females excavate soil cavities and deposit their eggs by late summer.Fall:  Young grubs hatch in late summer, and feed on grass roots through the fall. Mature grubs become inactive as cold weather approaches.Winter:  Mature grubs spend the winter months in the soil. How to Control Japanese Beetle Grubs Biological Control: Lawn areas can be treated with an application of milky disease spores, spores of the bacterium Paenibacillus  popilliae  (aka  Bacillus  popillae). The grubs ingest these bacterial spores, which germinate and reproduce within the grubs body and ultimately kill it. Over several years time, the milky spore bacteria builds up in the soil and acts to suppress grub infestations. No chemical pesticides should be used on the lawn simultaneously, as this can affect the milky spores efficacy. Another naturally-occurring bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis japonensis (BTJ) may also be used to control Japanese beetle grubs. BTJ is applied to the soil, and grubs ingest it. Btj destroys the grubs digestive system and ultimately kills the larva. A beneficial nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, also works to control Japanese beetle grubs. Nematodes are microscopic parasitic roundworms that transport and feed on bacteria. When they find a grub, the nematodes penetrate the larva and inoculate it with bacteria, which quickly multiply within the grubs body. The nematode then feeds on the bacteria. Chemical Control: Some chemical pesticides are registered for control of Japanese beetle grubs. These pesticides should be applied in July or August when young grubs are feeding. Consult a pest control expert or your local agricultural extension office for specific information on selecting and using pesticides for grub control. How to Control Japanese Beetle Adults Physical Control: Where there is one Japanese beetle, there will soon be ten, so hand picking the earliest arrivals can help keep numbers down significantly. In the early morning, beetles are sluggish and can be shaken from branches into a bucket of soapy water. If Japanese beetle populations are high in your area, beetle control may include making smart decisions about what to plant in your yard. Japanese beetles love roses, grapes, lindens, sassafras, Japanese maple, and purple-leaf plums, so these plants should be avoided if Japanese beetle damage is a concern. Garden centers and hardware stores sell pheromone traps for Japanese beetles. Research shows these traps are generally ineffective for use in the home garden, and may actually attract more beetles to your plants. Chemical Control: Some chemical pesticides are registered for control of Japanese beetle adults. These pesticides are applied to the foliage of susceptible plants. Consult a pest control expert or your local agricultural extension office for specific information on selecting and using pesticides for Japanese beetle adult control.

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 50

Summary - Assignment Example King advocated peace by the application of non-violence tactics because he did not want to associate violence to his achievements. He reversed the traditional approach of using militant groups such as black panthers to seek freedom and power. He instead, initiates the spirit of non-violence and diplomacy as an ethical way of solving conflicts. He also advocated non-violent movements such as marches, boycotts, and political and economic organizations as weapons to justice. He rejected the use of violence as a way to end violence claiming that self-defense would distract attention from the actual fight King and Malcolm X’s had different ideas towards the achievement of justice and equality. Both had different opinions on ending the oppression of blacks in America making their platforms oppositional. That was evident in 1963 when Malcolm X regarded a Blackman, who did not possess violent revenge notion against their oppressors as a traitor to the Negro community. Non-violent campaigns introduced by King were a breakthrough to freedom as most of the differences resolved diplomatically by negotiations. Non-violence has succeeded in peace in very many countries

Corporal Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporal Punishment - Essay Example The message that violence is a way to solve problems is surely not lost on children. Parents who were beaten as children end up beating their own children. Teachers who attended schools in which corporal punishment was an accepted practice may in a like manner find it natural to turn to it themselves, although other people, beaten as children, react adversely to the notion of using physical force themselves (Straus and Donnelley 2004). Critics (Straus and Donnelley 2004) explain that the parents of children who are victims of the "battered child syndrome" are mentally ill. While corporal punishment applied by teachers is usually not so extreme in intent or result as the abuse inflicted on children by their own parents, its use by teachers who experienced corporal punishment as children suggests a tendency to "identify with the aggressor" which characterizes the authoritarian personality The use of force on children stems from an inherent cultural belief that violence is an acceptable way to solve problems. Carried far enough, that position could suggest that the society itself is "mentally ill," judged by its approach to violence (Straus and Donnelley 2004). Corporal punishment is ineffective because it has extremely negative impact on learning and child development.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 35

Summary - Essay Example I improved my business writing skills by doing assignments on routine messages, persuasive messages, and indirect messages. I worked on the graded and revised versions of all these types of messages to know their significance in business communication. For routine messages, I learned three key steps to make the messages effective. Those steps included stating the main idea, providing details, and ending on a positive note. I learned the importance of ‘you’ orientation in sending routine messages to companies and clients. In homework related to persuasive messages, I learned that the basic purpose of such messages is to change the perception of the targeted people. I learned that persuasive messages, whether graded or revised, should focus on the influencing the mindset of the audience in order to be effective. In case of indirect messages, I learned that evidence leads to the main idea of the message. I also learned that indirect messages provide a good chance for the se nder to communicate his/her

Challenges Of The Hr Specialist Management Essay

Challenges Of The Hr Specialist Management Essay As a HR specialist, what are the challenges you may face and what HR intervention mechanisms would you consider using in an attempt to drive individual and organisational performance in a multinational company? Critically evaluate this question by utilising the appropriate academic literatures. This thesis proposed the challenges of the HR specialist when there engage in attempt of increasing the individual and organisational performances in Multinational Companies through developing a set of coherent HRM best practices, especially relating to employee recruitment and selection, performance management and staff retention. Since the organizations are multinational number of concerns are arises such as dealing cultural issues with the organizational goals as well as individual goals. Furthermore organizational behaviors and tools such as engagement, motivation and empowerment are basically highlighted; without those it is merely a dream to achieving the business goals. Basically Multinational companies are aiming profits and there for individual and organisational performance are very vital for their existence. HR has been organized in a different ways over the years. Some functions have emphasized delivery by location or by business structure. In these models an integrated HR team has serviced managers and employees at specific location or with in specific businesses units, with some more strategic or complex tasks reserved for the corporate centre. The degree to which these different arms of HR were centralized or co-located and the question of whether they were managed by the business unit varied. Within the HR teams, depending up on their size their might have been specialization by work area (especially for industrial relations in the 1960s and 1970s) or by employee grade or group (responsibility, say, divided between those looking after clerical staff from those covering production) The advancement of personal management starts around end of the 19th century, when welfare officers came in to being. This creation was a reaction to the harshness of industrial conditions, coupled with pr essure arising from the extention of the franchise, the influence of the trade unions and the labour movement and the campaigning of enlightened employers, often quakers, for what was called industrial betterment. (CIPD Research Role of HR) Personal Management(PM) is mainly concerned with obtaining, organizing and motivating the human resources required by the corporation (ARMSTRONG, Michael, 1977) PM includes a range of activities which deals with the workforce other than the resources and also more administrative in nature. HRM deals with soft issues rather than administrative tasks of personnel management and explain a wide vision of how management would like the resources to organise to the success of the organization. Becker and Gerhart (1996) and Wright,Dunford and Snell (2001) have concluded that although the traditional view as HR acost to be minimised (Becker Gerart,1996:779)is being challenged by the rise of strategic HRM, the conventional view is still prevalent in the professional domain. Wright, Dunford and Snell(2001)expand on this by stating that the HR function hasconsistently faced a battle in justifying its position in organisations (Wright,Dunford Snell 2001:701) and during times of economic hardship, the HR function is usually the first function to feel the full effect of organisational streamlining and cost cutting efforts. There are various models exists to explain the peoples role in an organization. The business oriented approach to people management described by Storey (1989) as Hard HRM emerged as a method of responding to and supporting the enterprise culture of the 1980s. Hard HRM and Soft HRM are two contrasting styles that helps to tackle workforce in an organization. Hard HRM mainly focused on achieving organisational goals while Soft HRM deals with more insightful functions like Human Resource Education, Leadership Development, Organization Culture, Relationship building while the achieving organisational goals. More recently the importance of involving and developing people which is characteristic of current approchches to personal management has been emphasized by the resource based theory of the firm formulated by Barney(1991). This explains that competitive advantage is achieved if a firm can obtain and develop human resources which enable it to learn faster and apply its learning more effectively than its competitors. An approach based on this concept will aim to improve resource capability(Kamoche,1996)achieving strategic fit between resources and opportunities and obtaining added value from the effective deployment of these resources.(The name has changed but has the game remained same, Armstrong) Ulrich described how HR practitioners employ in a set of roles defined along two axes: strategy versus operations and process versus people. The four key roles that become known from these two dimensions are Strategic partner, Administrative Expert, Employee Champion, Change agent. Strategic Partners help to successfully accomplish business strategy and meet customer needs. Administrative Experts continuously improve organisational efficiency by reengineering the HR function and other work process. Employee Champions maximize employee commitment and capability while Change Agent delivers organisational transformation and culture change. (CIPD Resarch Of HR, 2007) There have been considerable tensions around the conceptualizations of roles and how the work of Ulrich and others has been interpreted. According to Ashton and Lambert (2005),while Ulrichs original four roles have been influential, whether and how they are put in to practice varies. (The changing HR functions) There are some organizations where HR is seen as a central, corporate function with little advancement to business units. Some other organizations position themselves in the opposite direction, with a very small corporate centre and all the activity distributed to business units. The question of best structure is how the function best organizes itself between the pulls of centralization and the pushes of decentralization.(The changing HR functions) The HR assumptions and HR practices observed in high performing firms are the key elements to the formation of the Best Practice theory. Employment security, selective hiring, self managed teams, high pay contingent on company performance, extensive training, reduction of status difference, and sharing information are the key element of the theory. However less concern about the organisational goals and culture are given as draw backs for the theory. According to the best fit theory a firms that follows a cost leadership strategy designs narrow jobs and provides little job security, whereas a company pursuing a differentiation strategy emphasizes training and development. In other words this argues that all SHRM activities must be consistent with each other and linked to the strategic objectives of the business. Selective hiring of new employees are greatly support to achieve both individual and organisational performance. Recruitment and selection is more or less subjective in its nature, with the objectives of any given business at the forefront of process. To select the best fit there is no specific way. It is clear that combining techniques greatly increases accuracy. The combination of intelligence test or work sampling leads to a substantial improvement in validity (Shmidt and Hunter(1998)). Comprehensive recruitment and selection policy will be enable an organization to become competitive with in the market and also, with right people in the right place at the right time, will lead to a high performing culture with in the organization while adding extra value to the organisation. The main focus of Employee Recruitment is to generate a pool of appropriate candidates for the selection process. This to be carried out in cost effective way and while remain in lawfull. Organizations can de cide whether to select externally or internally. Internal recruitment may not always be beneficial. Ex: no one suitable or stagnation. Best way is to recruit both internally and externally (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008). But many organisations prefer to look to recruit internally first especially when this represents a promotion (Newall Shackleton, 2000) To select the best fit there is no specific way. It is clear that combining techniques greatly increases accuracy , the combination of intelligence tests with structured interview, integrity test or work sampling leads to a substantial improvement in validity (Schmidt Hunter (1998).) At the interview stage attitude based competencies should give more priority in order to select the best candidate. In addition during the recruiting and selection process psychological contract between employer and the employee is distinct and specify. According to the report Engaging for Success: enhancing performance through employee engagement,engaged employees have a sence of personal attachment to their work and organization; they are motivated and able to give of their best to help it succeed and from that flows a series of tangible benefits for organization and individual alike'(Macleod Clarke 2009:7) HRM uses various technologies to direct employees behavior towards objectives and tasks that deliver approved organisational performance. Many organizations try to frame these levers with an overall performance management system, and attach incentives and rewards to achievements of objectives and targets within this. In recent years PM has become massively popular. The basic idea was to fix behavior to targets and attach financial rewards. Howe ever performance related pay was not always introduced for the best reason; there was a preoccupation with defining measures to which individual rewards could be attached and the connection with performance was often tenuous (IPM/IMS, 1992) For many line managers PM is still means no more than the appraisal process and it seen as time consuming, bureaucratic, paper driven and top down with little reference to organisational performance and goals.(Egan,1995) Despite significant efforts to present performance management as a systemic process and to raise managers sights (eg.Armstrong,1994;Hartle, 1995) many fundamental problems remain. A PMS may, indeed, support employee development, but this is often undermined by number of problems, among the most important which are, The link between individual behavior and business objectives, Defining and aligning objectives, Motivation theory and managers own assumptions and beliefs, Performance management as a management process, The impact on the employment relationship etc.. A analysis of above issues highlights fundamental questions about performance linkages and how rewards are attached to these and how the motivation to control unnecessarily and inappropriately vitiates the design of rewards and incentives.(Human Resource Management Journal, vol 10-No-3) In addition people performance is vitiated by the obsession with control and therefore is liable to undermine, rather than contribute to, performance. It should only be done within a context of strict attention to corporate business objectives and limited number of specific improvement goals. Engagement is a crucial organisational tool that can generate both individual and organisational performance and can be defined as a set of positive attitudes and behaviors enabling high job performance of kind which are in tune with the organization mission'(Storey, Wright Ulrich 2008) Recent research concluded that there are 3 broad groups of employees. Engaged (loyal, productive, would recommend their organization to friends) , Non-engaged (productive but not bonded, tempted by job vacancies, instrumental, focus on hours JDs), Disengaged (physically present but psychologically absent, negative, uncooperative, hostile, uninvolved) (Buckingham (2001) What a waste PM October) We can perhaps distinguish between two types of employee turnover: Functional vs Dysfunctional turnover functional turnover serves to promoted ideas and methods and can thus renew a stagnating organisation (Carrell et al, 1995, 177). According to Hom and Griffeth (1995), functional turnover is more common than dysfunctional: In addition, high turnover is often less troubling in relatively low skill occupations; especially customer-service related ones (fast-food restaurants, telesales, etc). Kearns (1994) suggests this is because organisations want to harness short-term enthusiasm. Thus, empl oyee turnover may not be a bad thing, however, there is likely to be a point beyond which it is unhealthy. Taylor (2008) suggests this is a rate of 5-10%. The more valuable the employee to the organisation, the more damaging the resignation especially if he/she chooses to work for a competitor Indirect concerns/costs include:-Productivity losses,Impaired quality of service,Lost business opportunities, An increased administrative burden,Employee demoralisation Direct costs include: Recruitment costs (advertising, admin, etc),Induction/training costs,Other admin costs associated with new hires,Overtime/ cost of temporary workers,Reduced productivity during induction Taylor (2008)-The employee turnover decisi Evaluate existing job, Experience job dissatisfaction, Think of quitting, Evaluate expected utility of search for new job and cost of quitting, Decide to search for alternatives, Search for alternatives, Evaluate alternatives, Compare best alternative with present job, Decide whether to stay or quit, Quit on process Mobley(1977), ten stage model. There are ways to investigate why employees leave from the organisation.,Exit interviews (89%)Anon. exit questionnaires (28%),Word of mouth (25%),Extrapolate from staff attitude surveys (23%),Exit interviews external consultant used (2%),Surveys of ex-employees (rare) (CIPD survey 2009) Following ways are considered as most effective way to address staff retention.Realistic job previews, Job e nrichment, Workspace characteristics (environment), Induction practices, Leader-member exchange, Employee selection, Reward practices, Demographic diversity,Managing inter-role conflict (Hom Griffeth, 1995) Multinational Corporation has its facilities and other assets in at least one country other than its home country. Such companies have offices and factories in different countries and usually have a centralized head office. Nearly all dominant multinationals are American, Japanese, or Western European such as Nike, Coca-cola, Wal- Mart, AOL, Toshiba, Honda and BMW. MNCs may take any of four forms: a decentralized that has a strong home-country presence; a global and centralized corporation that can acquire a cost advantage through centralized production; an international company that builds on the parent companys technology or research and development; or a transnational enterprise that combines all three of these approaches. In the modern world the capabilities and the knowledge incorporated in an organisations human resources are the key to performance. So on both the cost and benefit sides of the equation, HRM is crucial to the survival, performance and success of the enterprise. For MNCs, the additional complications of dealing with multicultural assumptions about the way people should be managed and differing institutional constraints become important contributors to the chances of that success. A culture is a set of basic tacit assumptions about how the world is and ought to be that a group of people share and that determines their perceptions, thoughts, feelings and to some degree, their overt behavior. Culture manifests itself at three levels. The level of deep tacit assumptions that are the essence of the culture, the level of espoused values that often reflect what a group wishes ideally to be and the way it wants to present it self publicly and the day to day behavior that represents a complex compromise among the espoused value, the deeper assumptions, and the immediate requirements of the situation. (1996)(Sloan Management Review/fall 1996) Geert Hofstedes theory of cultural dimensions describes the effects of a societys culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis. The theory has been widely used in several fields as a paradigm for research, particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international management, and cross-cultural communication. The original theory proposed four dimensions along which cultural values could be analyzed: individualism-collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance (strength of social hierarchy) and masculinity-femininity. (task orientation versus person-orientation) With compared to UK Asian countries characterized by high power distance and week uncertainty avoidance. The HRM approach in Asia generally accepted as being humanists rather than materialistic. Therefore MNCs in Asia focus much concentration on personal growth and development of employees. In return for an organization creating opportunities, employees reciprocate with increased commitment and lower levels of absenteeism and turn over. (Ayree, Chen and Budhwar,2004) In European context highly focus on Individualism and masculine with low power distance and week uncertainty avoidance Hofstede,1980). Performance Appraisal Systems (PAS) basically aimed towards being achieving individual-level targets for employees and preparing cutting edges to identifying performance ratings for rewards. Individualism is more common in western cultures unlike Asian culture is more parental. Therefore western HR practice may be not measured the required standards in Asian MNC employees performance if it not ideally matched for the cultural and organisational targets. However some argues that the world is becoming more globalised, all aspects of business and HRM are becoming more alike which indicate the convergence divergence debate. In conclusion there is evidence to suggest that including the practice out line within this thesis organisational behaviours and tools can used to drive organisational and individual performance in Multinational companies. It is essential to have suitable recruitment and selection process, Performance Appraisal System and Staff Retention plan to ensure the right people, In the right place, at the right time with right attitude. Training and development is also vital to improve HR performance. In addition HR Specialists role will be more specific when these techniques applying in to multi cultural environments where people perceptions and behavioral patterns are different from each other.

The Power of Delegation Essay -- Delegate Engineering Management Essay

The Power of Delegation Delegation is a management tool that can be used to empower or when abused can be a detrimental force in a company. Delegation can aid employee growth and development while getting the job done efficiently. The true purpose of delegation is to accomplish the task by assigning it to someone else (Blair, 1992). Many misunderstand the concept of delegation and therefore either will not delegate or improperly apply the principle which provides unsuccessful results.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The primary reason to delegate tasks is to get the work done. The manager must be wise enough to know that he or she cannot be everywhere and do everything. A manager must also realize that along with the assignment of the job to the subordinate, the authority to complete the task must also be given. The delegation of authority is the hardest, most difficult part for some in management positions. If the task is assigned without the authority to use independent discretion the result is frustration and incomplete production. The manager must clearly communicate the expected result also ensure that the subordinate is properly trained and/or has the required skills needed to accomplish the assigned task.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communication is a major component of successful delegation. A system of regular exchanges of information between management and employees ensure that each party is aware of what others are doing (Blair, 1992).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My current employer is a nonprofit organization, which is run by a Chief Executive Officer/President who was hired 22 years ago. Her background is in education, as a principal, with a master’s degree in Education Administration. The CEO answers to a board of directors, which have been very good at delegating the responsibilities of running the corporation to the CEO. The board meets monthly to receive reports on the activities and financial status of the facility but other than that have no real hands-on role in the management of the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The CEO has a very different approach to delegation than the board of directors; she tends to micro-manage her staff. Her idea of delegation leans more to assignment of a task and proceeding to dictate exactly how she desires the task to be accomplished or assigns the task without giving authority to carry it out. The CEO makes assignments to members of her Corporate Leadership Team (program direct... ...tion for his staff. The director is not confident in his own competency yet feels the need to improve upon the work his staff produces. This is not a simple problem because the director, a vice president in the company, needs to work out personal issues in order to stop the offending actions. He can however recognize that the problem exists and redirect his interference. Overall this company would benefit from formal training in the functions of management along with methods of applying the principles of management in their own jobs. A section on delegation would need to consist of the definition of delegation, the importance of communication, developing effective and efficient controls, how delegation aids in employee development, how to maintain proper access or assistance to the delegate and awareness of the possible outcomes and failures when using delegation as a management tool (Blair, 1992). References Blair, GM, The Art of Delegation, IEE Engineering Management Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 165-169, Aug 1992. Retrieved August 19, 2005, from University of Edinburgh School of Engineering and Electronics web site: http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/Management/art5.html

Data Collection †Business Research Essay

Introduction The experience of focus group and semi-structured interview were gained during my data collection research. I conducted one focus group and one semi-structured interviews, due to participants time limit and busy schedule I was not possible to conduct more interviews. I have designed the interview procedure including questions prepared for each interview to capture different group and individual. I have given participants consent form to sign and ask for their permission to audio tape recorder, simultaneously I was taking note. This type of interview was more suitable for my data collection research because it allowed face to face assurance and explanation of the importance, aim, and necessity of the research. I have enjoyed the interview exercise and my learning reflection about data collection process is addressed below. How well did the research instrument address the research questions and meet the goals of the study? Using focus group and semi-structured interview instruments to collect data helped keeping track of what I observed and how to analyse it. Methods of recording information gathered during focus groups and interview for collecting unbiased information have helped to gain credibility as an accurate and useful source of information collection. Focus group and semi- structured interviews were effective in communicating a desire to obtain meaningful and honest information, both instruments were well designed that helped the conversation develop in line with my research questions. I was able to use technique for collecting data as a combination of an audio tape recorder and note taking which allow me to capture all of the essential information in an unbiased manner, I was also able to capture nonverbal behaviour of group participants, i.e. reactions of other participants after a participant statement may indicate consensus or disagreement. Both instruments are valid and reliable in collecting data, and questions and observations accurately assess what I want to know. What specific advantages and disadvantages can you see from using this particular method? Semi-structured individual interviews are more efficient than focus groups and interviewers are typically able to cover more ground interviewing one person versus a group. While focus groups may actually get less information than one hour individual interview, the dynamic interchange between the group members may result in more in depth and unbiased information concerning a particular topic. A potential weakness of focus groups may occur when members do not express their personal opinions and conform to a popular opinion or agree to a particular group member. In semi-structured interview there is no significant time delay between question and answer, the interviewer and interviewee can directly react on what the other says or does. An advantage of this communication is that the answer of the interviewee is more spontaneous, without an extended reflection. But due to this type of communication, the interviewer must concentrate much more on the questions to be asked and the answers given. Especially when semi-structured interview list is used, and the interviewer has to formulate questions as a result of the interactive nature of communication. Interview also has the advantage that the interviewer can make more use of a standardisation of the situation. On the other hand this type of communication of time and place can bring with it a lot of time and costs. Social interaction in the focus group provides more free and complex answers, interviewer can ask for clarification, problems as to whether the group represents a larger population and difficult to assemble the group. What issues did you face in data collection and compilation? In my situation, I needed to obtain an appropriate permission or approval to collect information from the senior management of the company I have done my research on. I had to allow time to work through the proper channels and it was stressful process to know whether they will provide me with an approval to conduct my interviews and collect data. One of the problems encountered by me was the limited time allocated as the questionnaires were process oriented and it took time to complete some of the questionnaires while each interview was allocated 45 minutes only, in addition, the geographical location of the company was presented a difficulty as I had to travel more than 30 minutes to reach the company’s premises. I had to visit the company twice to conduct a focus group with one team and a semi-structured interview with another team manager. I believe there is no issue in data integrity or accuracy that was provided to me by the team during both interviews. However, compilation of data has been time consuming process due to documenting all notes taking as well as referring to the audio tape recorder to ensure that I haven’t missed anything out. I did not encounter any non-response or outright refusal from the participants. The response from the leaders and officials was also encouraging. How would you change the research instrument based on the data you collected? I believe the answers I have got are as good as the questions I asked, I may need to expand on my research instruments techniques and get the best answers that fit my questions, or follow formative research process that will help me think through which questions I want to ask of which people. For example, asking good questions of the wrong people or asking the right people bad questions will provide me poor and unusable results. Even if focus group and semi-structured interviews are the best method for collecting my data, I will consider changing how to do them, collecting the best data possible is to separate research instruments into smaller rounds instead of trying to get all answer for the questions at once. Later rounds can build on information from earlier rounds. For example, I would use one round of the interview to help me determine a target group, understand their roles, skills and knowledge around using systems and processes and then a second round to investigate more deeply into the group’s thoughts and feelings. What lessons have you learned about collecting data? I believe collecting data for this study or MRP research is way more stressful than other data collection I have experienced. First of all, the stakes are higher, if I don’t get it right I will continue to be in purgatory. All what I needed is to hear from my potential participants about whether they are participating in my research study. I got tons of questions from the senior management asking details of the research study and proposal. This, however, does not mean that they are going to participate in my study. So, I had to be very careful about how I answer their questions and how to interact with them. I learned to be always prepared to get tones of questions. I also had to send my participants a reminder about the date and time of the interviews and accommodate them, otherwise they will forget as they are busy people. I learned to keep my spirit high, and I needed to remind myself that things are going to be OK. I needed to continue providing information, checking in, reminding, answering questions, sending e-mails, making phone calls, and running my research study with a smile on my face. Even though I was exhausted, tried to keep my energy high, and didn’t let my participants feel the stress I felt inside. At the end, I was grateful to have each and every participant I had and enjoyed the experience with them. And finally I learned to be patient, collecting data is a slow process and I was focusing on how to achieve the big goal of interviewing participants and collecting data, while I forget to pay attention to what I achieve everyday towards getting my data collection complete. What thoughts do you have about the importance and relevance of your project based on the data collection experience? Data collected during the focus group and interview is adequate to be analysed for my process improvement project purpose and to make decisions about important issues. I will be able to present findings and analysis based on data collected from interviews and that subsequent decisions based on arguments embodied in the findings are valid. Data collection process will help my project identifying area for improvements, analysing and assessing the importance of systems and processes. Quality and type of data play a vital role in supplying objective information for the problems in process improvement project so that some analytical understanding of the problems and hence solutions can be obtained. Making decision on the basis of poor quality data is risky and may lead to disastrous results. My project requires data that is valid and reliable, and in this study data was collected using a variety of research methods, such as interview and focus group were participants debriefed to ensure interpretive validity in order to determine if data was being interpreted correctly.

Uses of the Past Participle

Uses of the Past Participle Uses of the Past Participle Uses of the Past Participle By Maeve Maddox Participle is a grammatical term I fling about quite often. A recent reader’s comment made me realize that not everyone is completely clear about what the word means. Instead of trying to cover both participles in one post, I’ll focus on the â€Å"past participle† in this one and save the â€Å"present participle† for another time. The word participle comes from Latin participium. The definition of the Latin term also applies to the English participle: â€Å"a non-finite part of a verb, having some characteristics of a verb and some of an adjective.† The past participle is one of five basic verb forms called the â€Å"principal parts of the verb.† All the tenses are constructed from these five verb forms: Infinitive: to write Simple Present: write Simple Past (preterite): wrote Past Participle: (has) written Present Participle: writing Only two of these principal parts can be used â€Å"as is† in a sentence: the simple present and the simple past. They are fully functional verbs because they show tense (time). Because their forms contain the idea of time, they are called â€Å"finite verbs.† The other three forms, including the past participle, do not show time. Verb forms that do not show time are called â€Å"non-finite verbs.† Because they cannot function as complete verbs in themselves, they are called verbals, â€Å"words related to verbs.† As a verbal, the past participle retains some functions of a verb while functioning as an adjective. In the following example, written is an adjective qualifying a noun phrase. At the same time, it is modified by prepositional phrases: Written in code between 1660 and 1669, the diary of Samuel Pepys was first published in 1825. The past participle of a regular verb is identical in form to the simple past: both end in -ed: Infinitive: to live Simple Present: live Simple Past (preterite): lived Past Participle: (has) lived Present Participle: living Here, drawn at random from one of the Cadfael novels by Ellis Peters, are some examples of the adjectival use of the past participle: FitzHamon’s marred face curdled into deeper purple. Even thus, frustrated like a mewed hawk, she had a graceful gait. Prior Heribert, shocked and dismayed, fell to prayer. Bewildered and confused by so sudden a reversal, the prior confided and obeyed like a child. He went out through the frozen garden to his herbarium. A common error with this use of the past participle is the â€Å"misplaced modifier.† For example: Stacked by the entrance to the stables, we made our delivery of hay bales. This type of error can be avoided by rewriting the sentence to place the word being described by the participle closer to it: We left our delivery of hay bales stacked by the entrance to the stables. Stacked by the entrance to the stables, the hay bales showed that we’d made the delivery. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceItalicizing Foreign WordsGrammatical Case in English

buy custom Role of Allusion essay

buy custom Role of Allusion essay Essentially, Allusion is a reference within a particular literary work, to another film, work of fiction, real event or even a piece of art. An allusion serves as a subtle or succinct way of drawing on an outside work to provide a greater meaning and context. Furthermore, allusion serves to add resonance to the works of various artists. T.S. Eliots poem The Wasteland relies heavily on allusions to pass its massage. Additionally the use of allusion is also witnessed in Fritz Lang's film Metropolis. The primary aim of this research paper is to explore the role of allusion in Fritz Lang's film Metropolis and T.S. Eliots poem The Wasteland. In Langs film, makes use of allusion in various scenes. The illustration of oppressed and demoralized workers in the underground stream plants is a very vivid example of the use of illustration in this film. As the workers start embarking on the slavery of their jobs, the film outlines a vivid depiction of an Egyptian pyramid, with slaves being forced and whipped to work. The role of this allusion is to depict the fact that the workers in metropolis are working and experiencing the same desolate, depressing and hopeless situations similar to the slaves in Egypt. On the other hand, allusion has been used greatly in T.S. Eliots poem The Wasteland to underline and depict a strong aspect of religion, that is, the allusion is used to underline the theme of religion. Religion is widely used in the What the Thunder Said, which is the last section of the poem. In the poem religion is taken from different areas Hinduism, Christianity and some aspects of fertility can also be seen interlaced within the poem. Buy custom Role of Allusion essay

Organization and religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization and religion - Essay Example ligion have been the result of an effective organization/or ineffective management.1 Naturally, one cannot blame organization and cohesion upon all the different branches of religion that exist; however, understanding the role that organization plays in defining and effectively constraining the responses and approaches of believers goes a very long way in helping the individual to understand the powerful and dynamic role that organization has within religion. A secondary way through which organization can be seen as having a powerful impact upon religion is with regards to doctrine. For instance, considering the case of Islam, core doctrines stipulate the attitudes and behavior that proper Muslims should exhibit to one another and to the outside world. In a matter speaking, the organizational constraints that are oftentimes adopted by religious organizations have to do with the risen or canonical laws that are the result of a particular holy book, relics, or prophecy. In such a way, these written approaches oftentimes are uniquely similar to the way in which a business entity operates under a set of guidelines and standard operating procedures. Without these procedures and guidelines, the business would not have a grounding or anchor with respect to the way in which to engage and understand the situations that present themselves within the day-to-day interactions that take place. Similarly, without a level of doctrine and written belief that creates a distinct aspects of cohesion within the believing communities, religious organizations would lack the same qualities that have been previously described with respect to the business world. From the information that is thus far been engaged, it is clear and apparent that organization plays a prominent and extraordinarily important role with respect to the way in which religious conviction and practice is carried out.2 Although this has only been analyzed with respect to the major world religions of Islam and

Strategic Management of International Enterprises ( Adidas ) Essay

Strategic Management of International Enterprises ( Adidas ) - Essay Example Moreover, establishing strong brand image and a sustainable business position in the global business environment is also a common and widely practiced motivational factor for the multinationals, which can frequently be observed in the recent pace of globalisation2. In keeping with the unconventional trend of internationalisation of the multinationals, the primary aim of this report is to critically analyse the strategic directions and practices of Adidas Group, a German based footwear manufacturing giant in the present global business environment. In order to critically assess the strategic direction of the company, the report would focus on examining the international operations of Adidas that led the company to sustain its dominant position in the global footwear manufacturing and marketing industry. Moreover, the report also critically evaluates issues surrounding its future strategic endeavours. In this context, the report focuses on identifying potential issues driven by the current business trends and develops effective measures that can enable Adidas to uphold its competitive position in the global footwear business industry. Founded in the year 1920, the Adidas Group (Adidas) is a highly valued and a renowned brand operating in the industrial periphery of manufacturing footwear and sports apparels for both men and women. The company is highly envisioned with the aim of being as the dominant marketer in providing best portfolio of sports brands to the customers across the different global markets3. The corporate strategy of Adidas significantly incorporates a wide range of strategic measures that ensures to build its strong and sustainable position in the competitive sports goods business industry. In relation to the current business performance of the company, the corporate strategies can be observed to play a crucial role for Adidas to build its strong brand position in the present

John Stuart Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Stuart Mill - Essay Example John Stuart Mill was educated by his father, James Mill, who was cold and rigid. From then Mill understood the undergrounds of liberty and saw the mistakes from his father's rigid system of education: "Mill recognized , in later life, that his father's system had the fault of appealing to the intellect only and that the culture of his practical and emotional life had been neglected".(John Stuart Mill, Life and writings) John Stuart Mill, in his essay "On liberty", mentioned liberty and the relationships between freedom and state. The goal of state is to build a social system that respects and defends human rights and liberties. State can interfere against any individual, if he harms the other one's interests.1 This is the only case when Mill accepts the intervention of the state. There are cases when state rejects the individual's opinion .But that does not mean the point of view is wrong or false. Neither the belief of state, nor the individual' s opinion are totally false, they might contain a certain truth, so they must not be rejected. If this happens, the decision of the state becomes preconception and effects the man's liberty. Mill saw human being as an individual free to think, to speak , to feel. These rights are unquestionable on all the subjects: "()his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign" (qtd. John Stuart Mill' Essay on liberty, p.13) In thi In this relation, man-state, the latter can impose unlimited control, thing that cannot be acceptable. For Mill, education is primordial and it makes the differences between people , so the freedom of speech , of thinking is the most important. Mill speaks about the tyranny of the majority when the state wants to have the unlimited control, to entice the majority: ()There is a limit to the legitimate interference of collective opinion withindividual independence , and to find that limit, and maintain it againstencroachment, is as indispensable to a good condition of human affairs asprotection against political despotism.(qtd. John Stuart Mill's Essay on liberty) The tyranny of the majority often appears in bureaucratic countries. In the case of democratic countries the things go not so bad, because many individuals know and understand the importance of the liberty in all its aspects. Also, in the case of democratic countries and of developed ones, educated people are more and cannot be ruled by a man or a group. So, the danger of tyranny of majority is less. Liberty of speech , sustained by Mill, is indeed a very important right. In some periods the human being was restrained by people who wanted to had the supreme control(a kind of tyranny of the society). For example, the slavery, in the South of America, reserved man from various freedoms: the physical one, the conscience liberty, and maybe the most important one, the freedom of speech. The slaves were revolted mainly because they were treated like animals, they hadn't the right to write, to read or to express their feelings and desires. We can extend here, seeing in these liberties the differences

The Importance of Reading Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Reading Essay People are living in a world where new technological advances have replaced the desire to read. Reading, in my opinion, has become less important to many adults and children. Some children and teenagers prefer to watch a movie or playing video games instead of reading a book. Some adults prefer to watch television than to read a good novel. Reading, in some people’s agenda, is not as important as it used to be like in the early 1900’s. To some people watching a movie or basketball game on television is more important than reading a book. It is a well-known fact that when there were no televisions or computers, reading was a primary leisure activity. People would spend hours reading books and travel to lands far away-in their minds. The only tragedy is that, with time, people have lost their skill and passion to read. There are many other exciting and thrilling options available, aside from books. And that is a shame because reading offers a productive approach to improving vocabulary and word power. It is advisable to indulge in at least half an hour of reading a day to keep abreast of the various styles of writing and new vocabulary. It is observed that children and teenagers who love reading have comparatively higher IQs. They are more creative and do better in school and college. It is recommended that parents to inculcate the importance of reading to their children in the early years. Reading is said to significantly help in developing vocabulary, and reading aloud helps to build a strong emotional bond between parents and children. The children who start reading from an early age are observed to have good language skills, and they grasp the variances in phonics much better. Reading helps in mental development and is known to stimulate the muscles of the eyes. Reading is an activity that involves greater levels of concentration and adds to the conversational skills of the reader. It is an indulgence that enhances the knowledge acquired, consistently. The habit of reading also helps readers to decipher new words and phrases that they come across in everyday conversations. The habit can become a healthy addiction and adds to the information available on various topics. I personally love to read, I could say it’s my hobby but its more than that I could stay up all night just to finish a book I’m reading, and once I open a book I cant close it. I really don’t care what the book is about or of what genre it is if it’s interesting I wont stop reading until I finish it. I think of reading as a way to escape from everything, travelling to another time or place even to another world. Once you get into the story you’ll never want to get out. Some people even imagine they are one of the characters from the story, I’m not one of them but I do imagine as if I’m there just watching everything, I imagine every single detail, the characters features, the setting, even the most minimum detail as a necklace one of the characters is using, you actually feel every emotion the characters feel and you can actually fall in love with them. Everyone deep inside is a reader; they just haven’t found the right book.

Budget Reforms in Ghana

Budget Reforms in Ghana   Introduction/ Background: According to the research I have done I have found that Ghanas government needs help improving their budget. This projects development objective, for the Public Financial Management Reform, is to improve the budget management, financial control and reporting of Ghanas government. In these projects the organizations contribute to enhancing fiscal discipline, service delivery efficiency, through strengthened systems and procedures. The components for this project show financial management and budget strategies to help Ghana. In reviews dated back to the 1990s of the Public Financial Management in Ghana have shown that they have several weaknesses in this process. They have a weak budget formulation and a weak budget preparation. They also have a weak expenditure monitoring and controlling the budget. Ghanas lacking a good accounting and good monitoring system. These problems would catch the eye of any public administration major. This reform is being done to better the government of Ghana. If this was to go successfully it would influence the public greatly. In the field of public administration, you would want to help the public anywhere become better than it already is. With this title, you will know how to help better their budget and help with some small accounting work. Supporting the Budget Reform in Ghana: The new Public Financial Management system put in place for Ghana will use tools for improving fiscal management and budgetary control. They will increase economic management by making technology upgrades that will help improve debt and cash management, and boost timely and accurate reporting. They will also improve budget managements strength. This new system will also aim to strengthen the credibility of the national budget. A strategy to aid Ghanas debt was developed by this new system. During the 2000s a legislative review was done on the Public Financial Management system and there were many components. Ghana had Financial and Accounting Reforms, Revenue Management, Audit Reform and Procurement Reforms. This system helped launch other systems such as the Budget and Public Expenditure Management System, it also influenced fiscal decentralization and payroll reform initiatives. They improved the payroll management system. The system also help build ministries, departments and agencies capacity to develop costed sector strategies. They want to strengthen linkage and information between sectors. To help the debt they want to strengthen capacity in the Debt Management Division. To help improve efficiency in the delivery of public services, they have introduced performance measurement into the budget management. This will help Ghana keep track of every credit spent. Ghanas government would as review capital spending and the strategy for financing capital projects. Ghana plans to bring in measures to strengthen local revenue under its fiscal decentralization reforms. Negatives of Budget Reform: Even with the new system there are still problems that can be created or come across. Ghanas government still have a high level of debt the need to lower, large fiscal deficits, and lack of fiscal space for public investments. These are major constraints to Ghanas economic growth, said Yusupha B. Crookes, World Bank Country Director for Ghana. The reforms supported by todays project focus on critical and priority areas of the Government that together could facilitate transparent and accountable fiscal governance in Ghana. Lack of robust accounting, monitoring quality and timely data on government resources. The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability made an assessment in 2012 and fiscal discipline was weak and remained a concern. The distribution of resources for strategic priorities undermined causing efficiency in service delivery to be adversely affected. Ghana has invested in programs aimed at strengthening Public Financial Management in government, but significant institutional, policy, and system weaknesses continue to manifest themselves limiting the impact of these reforms, said Ismaila B. Ceesay, World Bank Task Team Leader for this Project. He believes that too many poor people live in Ghana to improve the delivery of basic services. There are even some legislative limitations that come with this new system. Making business change their process for the Public Financial Management system required revision of laws to support this process. Skill gaps and capacity were created in Human Resources sector, especially in the area of information and communications technology, and analytical skills. Critique of Both Arguments After going through both sides, I could tell both sides relied on some of the same things. Both sides have different view on Ghanas debt. Supporter of the new reform want to put programs in place to help lower the national debt overtime. On the bad side, they think that the debt is too high and the people basically think its a waste of time and money to create programs for lowering it. I agree with the people in support of these new ideas to lowering the debt and bring in more income into Ghana. How could a nation create a better budget with an outstanding debt? Me personally, I do not think that you can. I am in complete support of the new reform and the ideas that come with it. I can also see how the non-supporters are feeling. After being in place for a couple years, there was not a lot of changes. People were also using funds for the wrong purposes. Finding out this kind of information could make many people no trust in the new ideas. With the influx of new ideas for the reform, there are bound to be new problems to come along with it. I think Ghanas nation need better people to lead them in the right path. They need people who will watch and manage them while going through this process. I think that if they had more management they could make actual changes. These two arguments are very complementary to each other, without one the other would not exist. In my eyes the argument supporting the new budget and new reforms is the superior of the two. I think this because Ghana is known for being poor, and need something to help bring in income. Bring in more income will affect the public greatly. This could bring the number of poor people in Ghana to go down. This may also cause funding for projects to go to the right place. Conclusion: Ghana has a very poor budget and an outstanding debt to go along with it. Along with this their governmental structure is also poor and needs management in these areas. If Ghana gets the support they need in these areas, they could start to make real changes. Without management Ghanas government, will not make any large improvements and the reform will fail. This research has shown me that nations all around the world have a split in them. There will always be people on two opposite with different views. Public administrators will be greatly prepared for this situation. They would be great regulators and managers. Already being involved with work from both United States parties they will know how to look at each and try to work out a solution that works best for the people. References: Ugwumadu, Judith. Ghana Budget Ushers In Programme-Based PFM Reforms | Public Finance. Publicfinanceinternational.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 9 Mar. 2017. washington,. Public Finance Management Reform In Ghana Receives World Bank Support. The world Bank. N.p., 2017. Web. 4 Mar. 2017. Ibrahim, Levent. The Little Data Book On External Debt 2012. 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2012. Print. Projects : Ghana: Public Financial Management Reform Project | The World Bank. Projects.worldbank.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 9 Mar. 2017.